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Recent Progress in Automotive Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Technology

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Abstract

Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines are currently the dominant powertrains for passenger cars. With the implementation of increasingly stringent fuel consumption and emission regulations worldwide, GDI engines are facing challenges owing to high particulate matter emissions and a tendency to knock, leading to a change in the research and design (R&D) issues compared with those in the twentieth century. This paper reviews the progress in research regarding GDI engine technologies over the past 20 years, focusing on combustion system configurations, and also highlights common issues in GDI R&D, including pre-ignition and deto-knock, soot formation and PM emissions, injector deposits and gasoline compression ignition (GCI). First, an overview of recent developments in the field as driven by regulations is provided, following which progress in injection and combustion systems is examined. Third, the review addresses the occurrence and mechanism of deto-knock and considers means of suppressing this phenomenon. The fourth section discusses soot formation mechanisms and particulate matter emission characteristics of GDI engines and describes the application of gasoline particulate filter (GPF) after-treatment. The subsequent section summarizes studies regarding injector deposit formation, as well as pioneering research into GCI combustion modes. Finally, a summary and future prospects for GDI engine technologies are provided.

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Abbreviations

AI:

Artificial intelligence

BDC:

Bottom dead center

BMEP:

Brake mean effective pressure

BSFC:

Brake specific fuel consumption

BTE:

Brake thermal efficiency

CAFC:

Corporate average fuel consumption

CGPF:

Coated gasoline particulate filter

CTE:

Coefficient of thermal expansion

COV:

Coefficient of variance

CR:

Compression ratio

DI:

Direct injection

DISI:

Direct injection spark ignition

DPF:

Diesel particulate filter

EGR:

Exhaust gas recirculation

EIVC:

Early intake valve closing

GCI:

Gasoline compression ignition

GDCI:

Gasoline direct compression ignition

GDI:

Gasoline direct injection

GPF:

Gasoline particulate filter

HCCI:

Homogeneous charge compression ignition

ITE:

Indicated thermal efficiency

LIVC:

Late intake valve closing

LSPI:

Low-speed pre-ignition

MPCI:

Multiple premixed compression ignition

MPI:

Multiple point injection

NA:

Natural aspirated

NEDC:

New European driving cycle

PFI:

Port fuel injection

PM:

Particulate matter

PN:

Particle number

PPCI:

Partially premixed compression ignition

RCM:

Rapid compression machine

RON:

Research octane number

SMD:

Sauter mean diameter

SPCCI:

Spark-controlled compression ignition

TDC:

Top dead center

THC:

Total hydrocarbon

TWC:

Three way catalyst

VCR:

Variable compression ratio

VVT:

Variable valve timing

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the China National Natural Science Foundation Project “Formation and Evolution of PM from GDI Engines: From Primary Particles to Secondary Aerosols” (Grant No. 51636003), and the National Key R&D Plan Project “Integration Technology of PM Capture and Clean Emissions for GDI Vehicles” (Grant No. 2017YFC02110004). The authors also wish to thank their colleagues Prof. Jianxin Wang and Prof. Zhi Wang as well as Ph.D. students Shuai Liang, Zhou Zhang, Wenbin Zhang, Zexian Guo and Hengjie Guo for their contributions to this review.

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Shijin Shuai, Xiao Ma, Yanfei Li, Yunliang Qi & Hongming Xu

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  1. Shijin Shuai
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  2. Xiao Ma
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Correspondence to Shijin Shuai.

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Shuai, S., Ma, X., Li, Y. et al. Recent Progress in Automotive Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Technology. Automot. Innov. 1, 95–113 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42154-018-0020-1

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